Jainism is an ancient religion that originated in India around the same time as Buddhism, over 2,500 years ago. It is a non-theistic faith that emphasizes non-violence (ahimsa), truth (satya), non-stealing (asteya), chastity (brahmacharya), and non-possessiveness (aparigraha) as the core principles guiding ethical and spiritual life. Founded on the teachings of the 24 Tirthankaras, or spiritual leaders, the last of whom was Mahavira, Jainism advocates for rigorous ascetic practices aimed at purifying the soul and achieving liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death (samsara). Jains believe in the dualistic nature of reality, composed of jiva (soul) and ajiva (non-soul), and they emphasize the individual's responsibility for their own karma.
are divided mainly into two sects: the Digambaras and the Svetambaras, both of which have their own sets of scriptures, practices, and interpretations of Jain principles. Asceticism is a hallmark of Jain religious practice, and even lay followers are encouraged to engage in regular fasting, meditation, and rituals that honor the Tirthankaras. Non-violence is so central to Jain ethics that it extends not just to humans but to all living beings, leading to a predominantly vegetarian diet among Jains, and often influencing their professional choices to avoid occupations that may involve harm to living creatures.
Jainism has had a significant impact on Indian philosophy and ethics, and although it is one of the smaller religious traditions in India today, its influence is outsized relative to its numbers. Jain communities are known for their commitment to education, non-violence, and a lifestyle of rigorous ethical conduct.
