Jewish refers to the cultural, religious, and ethnic identity associated with the Jewish people, who trace their origins to the ancient Israelites of the Near East. Judaism, the traditional faith of the Jewish people, is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, founded on the teachings and laws contained in the Hebrew Bible, the Jewish Tradition - Torah תורה, particularly The Written Torah - תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב. The Jewish diaspora began in the 6th century BCE with the Babylonian exile and expanded in subsequent centuries, especially after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE by the Ancient Romans. Throughout history, Jews have faced various forms of discrimination, including pogroms, expulsions, and the Holocaust during World War II, in which six million Jews were killed. Despite these hardships, Jewish communities have maintained their unique religious practices, languages, and cultural traditions.
Over time, Judaism has diversified into several branches, including Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform, each with its own interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. Additionally, Jewish identity can be defined through matrilineal descent or conversion and is not solely dependent on religious observance. In terms of culture, Jews have made significant contributions to the fields of philosophy, science, art, music, and literature. Jewish texts, rituals, and holidays—such as the Sabbath, Passover, and High Holy Days—emphasize themes of social justice, community, and a strong ethical framework. As of the early 21st century, the global Jewish population is estimated at around 14 million, with the largest communities residing in Israel and the United States. Jewish identity continues to be complex and multifaceted, shaped by a combination of religious beliefs, cultural practices, and historical experiences.