Astronomy, the scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena, has a history that spans millennia, rooted in humanity's early fascination with the night sky. Ancient civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, made early astronomical observations, developing calendars and identifying constellations. The Greeks advanced the field with figures like Ptolemy, who proposed geocentric models of the universe. The Renaissance heralded a transformative era with Copernicus' heliocentric theory, which posited that the Earth revolves around the Sun, fundamentally challenging existing beliefs. This period also saw significant contributions from astronomers like ‣ , who used telescopes to make groundbreaking observations, and Kepler, who formulated the laws of planetary motion. Isaac Newton's work on gravity further unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics. In the 20th century, Edwin Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe and advancements in radio astronomy and space exploration expanded our understanding of the cosmos. Modern astronomy continues to evolve with cutting-edge technologies, exploring phenomena such as black holes, exoplanets, and the cosmic microwave background, unraveling the mysteries of the universe and our place within it.