Dharma is a multifaceted concept that holds significant importance in Eastern Religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. The term itself is derived from the Sanskrit root "dhṛ," which means "to uphold" or "to support." It encompasses a wide range of meanings, including duty, righteousness, law, and the inherent nature of reality. The understanding and application of Dharma vary across different religious and philosophical traditions.

Hinduism

In Hinduism, Dharma is a key concept with various layers of meaning:

  1. Cosmic Order: Dharma represents the cosmic law and order that upholds the universe. It is seen as the underlying principle that maintains the harmony and balance of the cosmos.
  2. Social and Ethical Duty: Dharma also refers to the duties and responsibilities associated with one's position in society, known as svadharma. This includes the duties of different varnas (castes) and ashramas (stages of life). Adherence to one's Dharma is believed to contribute to the stability and order of society.
  3. Personal Virtue: On a personal level, Dharma is associated with living a life of righteousness and moral integrity. It involves following ethical principles, such as truthfulness, non-violence, and compassion.
  4. Spiritual Practice: Dharma encompasses spiritual practices and disciplines that lead to the realization of one's true nature and ultimate liberation (moksha).

Buddhism

In Buddhism, Dharma (Pali: Dhamma) is one of the "Three Jewels" (त्रिरत्न Triratna) that Buddhists take refuge in, alongside The Buddha and the सङ्घ Sangha (community of monks and nuns):

  1. The Teachings of the Buddha: Dharma primarily refers to the teachings and doctrines expounded by the Buddha. These teachings provide a path to enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara).
  2. Universal Truth: Dharma is also understood as the universal truth or law that governs the universe. It includes the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, which outline the nature of suffering and the path to its cessation.
  3. Phenomenal Reality: In a broader sense, Dharma refers to the nature of reality and phenomena. It encompasses the principles of impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anatta).
  4. Ethical Conduct: Practicing Dharma involves adhering to ethical precepts, such as right speech, right action, and right livelihood, which are essential for spiritual development.

Jainism

In Jainism, Dharma has a dual meaning:

  1. Moral Virtue: Dharma signifies moral virtues and ethical conduct. Jains believe in practicing non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), celibacy (brahmacharya), and non-possessiveness (aparigraha) as part of their Dharma.
  2. Natural Laws: Dharma also refers to the natural laws that govern the functioning of the universe. It includes the principles of motion and rest, which are essential for the existence and movement of all beings.

Sikhism

In Sikhism, Dharma (often referred to as "Dharam") is closely associated with righteous living and adherence to divine law:

  1. Righteous Conduct: Dharma in Sikhism involves living a life of righteousness, honesty, and integrity. It includes the practice of humility, selfless service (seva), and devotion to God (Naam Japna).